All experiments involving humans and animals should obtain appropriate ethics approval, and declare it in the chapter, if relevant.

Human ethics: Exon Publications considers WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects as the authoritative source; however, national and institutional variations are possible. All experiments involving human subjects or human-related materials should obtain relevant ethics approval in accordance with national and institutional guidelines. This should be clearly stated in the chapter, where relevant.

Informed consent: Where relevant, informed consent should be obtained from human subjects using the form approved by the institutional ethics committee prior to commencing any work. This should be clearly stated in the chapter.

Animal ethics: Exon Publications considers the Australian code for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes as the authoritative source; however, national and institutional variations are possible. All experiments involving animals should obtain relevant ethics approval in accordance with national and institutional guidelines prior to commencing any animal work. This should be clearly stated in the chapter, where relevant.